Literature in the 19th century

The Macedonian bricklayer Gjorgija Pulevski from Belgrade publidhes two dictionaries The Four Language Dictionary and The Three Language Dictionary as well as two separate books Macedonian Folk Stories and the grammar book "Slavjansko - naselelenski makedonska slognica rechovska". In addition to this, an unpublished alphabet book and a large book on comprehensive Macedonian history have been found. In the period between 1869 and 1874

Kuzman Shapkarev (1834 - 1909) from Ohrid published 8 textbooks, 5 of which were published in 1868 alone. All of them had second publications especially the didactic book on Macedonian language. He was also in quest of old Macedonian manuscripts that he published in an eight-volume edition Zbornik (1891 - 1894).

Marko Tsepenkov (Cepenkov) (1817 - 1920) from Prilep created the largest opus of Macedonian folklore in history in his 50-year collection published in the Zbornik in Sophia (1911).

Jordan Haji Konstantinov - Jinot (1820 - 1882) from Veles was a teacher and an irreconcilable follower of the struggle against the Patriarchate, in quest of old manuscripts, a poet and playwright, journalist, epistolographer, founder of theatrical compositions, ethnographer and geographer, pedagogue and andragogue, antique collector and numismatist, made hydro-meteorological measurements of Macedonia. The Greek metropolitan Benedict created a calumnity to the Turkish authorities by which he was persecuted and sent to exile to Asia Minor in 1860 where he came back with one and died in poverty and misery in Veles.

Rajko Zinzifov (1839 - 1877) born in Veles pisuval pesni and poems. He wrote his first short story in Macedonian and continued to his work through translating from Russian into Macedonian. His published articles written in Russian critisized the Turkish and Phanariots rule in Macedonia in his endeavour to create a Pan-Slavonic cooperation., considering this as the guarantee to liberating from the Turkish rule.

Dimitar Miladinov (1810 - 1862) born in Struga was on of the most authoritative intellectuals at this time of fierce clashes between Hellenism and Slavism shaking Macedonia. A highle estimable teacher, journalist, epistolographer, ethnographer and folklorist, erudite and polyglot attracting around himself and guidiing his brother Konstantin Miladinov, Rajko Zinzifov, Grigor Prlichev, Kuzman Shapkarev and other intellectuals. Slandered by the Greek Phanariots he was imprisoned in Constantinople as a Russian spy. He died in the prison together with his brother Konstantin who came to his aid.

Konstantin Miladinov (1830 - 1862) born in Struga one of the first poets of Macedonia financially supported by the Croatian bishop Josip Juraj Shtrosmaer published tohgether with his brother the Collection of Folk Songs, Riddles amd Customs containing over 660 pieces of work. In 1858 in Moscow he also published an article on the archiepiscopy of Ohrid and art of a book by Jovan Flerov who wrote against the union. He also published 15 artistic songs of an elegiac tone signifying the beginnings of true Macedonian poetry of artistic value. He died in the Constantinople prison, 1862, imprisoned as a collaborator of his brother Dimitar whom he came to help.

Grigor Prlichev (1830 - 1893) born in Ohrid was an outstanding author. In 1860 in Athens, he received a laurel wreath for his poem The Sirdar (O Armatholos) after entereing an anonomous competition in Greece and was heightened to the levels of a second Homer. He wrote the poem Skender Beg but after the tragic death of the Miladinov brothers in Constantinople he lives through an spiritual crisis and returns to Macedonia to work as a teacher and stops writing in Greek to become an anti-Phanariot. He supported the idea of a single Pan-Slavic culture and language and even began writing in a language combined with elements of the Ohrid speech, the oldslavic, and Bulgarian languages. He wrote songs and an autobiography published postmortem.

Naum Miladinov (1817 - 1895) was the first to establish a school for the study of musical notation and the theory of music and who wrote a textbook on singing from notes (1843) was also the first to start collecting and melographing Macedonian folk music.

Atanas Razdolov (1872 -1931) born in Berovo, supported antisocialist ideas and lived his life in poverty, persecuted and depreciated. In 1901 he was imprisoned for writing an article about Feridand. He killed himself in Sophia. He wrote about 15 books ( In Front of the Minister's Doors - 1907, A Revolutionary and a Traitor - 1901). At the end of 1903 Krste Petkov Misirkov (1874 - 1926) published his work Za makedonskite raboti (On Macedoniain Matters) (made up of 5 parts - accenting the Macedonian consciousness and historical self-realization ) making him one of the most remarkable authors of Macedonia.

MACEDONIAN ARCHITECTURE AND PAINTING IN THE 19th CENTURY

The richer people began to build houses with two and more stories with wide roofed terraces and decorated the interior with woodcarvings. This is most evident in the architecture of Ohrid, Krushevo, Veles, Bitola and Kratovo. The peasants lived in small ground level houses or cottages. It was not uncommon to have the livestock in the same house to protect them from the possibility of theft. The town architecture consisted of buildings of a public nature meaning that the citizens contributed with their own funds to the erection of these edifices. Such edifices could be found in Prilep, Veles and Skopje. The Turkish government assisted in the construction of monumental city tower clocks called saat - kuli. In 1858 Pere Lauts built the most renowned tower clock in Prilep. Gyorgyi Zografski (1871 - 1945) born in the village of Papradishte, near Veles comes from the family Renzovtsi. He completed his elementary education in Veles and later joined his father's fraternity. He spent ten months in Moscow and Petrograd acquiring an education. He worked as a fresco and icon painter in many churches and monasteries but also composed paintings.

Kosta Vangyelovik (1875 - 1932) was born in Shtip where he completed his elementary education. In 1899 he became an apprentice of photography and shoe repair in Sophia, then a clerk in Thessaloniki and finally began to work repairing shoes in Shtip. In the end he directed his interest to photography. From 1904 he worked in the atelier of Milislav Markovik in Belgrade. He then began painting frescoes in churches and monasteries. In 1911 he opened a photography studio in Irig, then returned to Shtip and finally to Sophia. In 1932 he lived in Ruma and painted icons for wealthy citizens, drew and made scenography for the Serbian National Theatre. He died in Ruma in 1932.

Dimitar Andonov Papradishki (1859 - 1954) was born in the village of Papradishte, near Veles. He completed his elementary education in Veles and was taught the trade by his father Andon. He worked in churches and monasteries. In 1882/83 he enrolled at the school for iconography in Kiev, Russia. He moved back to Veles with his family and worked in the churches and monasteries. He knew Gotse Delchev when he was a teacher in the village of Novo Selo, Shtip in 1894. In 1905/06 he was imprisoned in Kurshumli An in Skopje. He was also imprisoned in the Kosovo-Mitrovitsa prison between the two world wars. After the First World War he moved back to Skopje with his family where he continued to paint.

The Manaki Brothers, Yanaki (1878 - 1950) and Milton (1882 - 1964) through the lenses of their cameras documented 50 years worth of valuable historical events (the revolutionary commiti, Sultan Mehmed Reshad's visit to Bitola, The Young Turk Revolution and their leader Niyazi Bey, the bombardment of Bitola by the Italian fascist aviation, th retreat of the fascist troops from the city and the arrival of the NLA troops, post war restoration, etc)